Category: African-American Studies

I have attached my proposal topic page to guide annotating the 15 sources I have sent. 
If you want to add or replace any sources that better fit my proposal topic, be my guest! This top is significant to me, and I want the best sources I can get!
Thank you!

I have attached my proposal topic page to guide annotating the 15 sources I have sent. 
If you want to add or replace any sources that better fit my proposal topic, be my guest! This top is very important to me, and I want the best sources I can get!
Thank you!

In an essay of at least five (5) pages (minimum) explain how the Civil War and Reconstruction impacted African Americans. What was the role of African Americans in the United States after the Civil War.
Please be specific in your response and include details from the reading.
The readings should be sufficient to answer this question. If other sources are used, you MUST supply a work cited page.
Format for Assignments and Exams
• All assignments will be posted on Blackboard.
• Double spaced. 10 or 12 font. Courier New or Times New Roman.
• They must meet the required length as stated in the assignment.
• Bullet points are NOT acceptable. Bullet points will result in a failing grade.
• Starting half down the page, large spaces between paragraphs, the question taking up half a page, etc. will result in a lower grade.
• Any source outside the notes or textbook MUST be cited.
• Any direct quotes MUST be cited.
• Footnotesendnotes can be any style (MLA, Chicago, etc.) as long as I am able to know where the information is coming from.
• Simply including a works cited page is not sufficient.
• Other than brief quotations, simply cutting and pasting from sources, even if cited, will result in a lower grade. The point of the assignments and exams is for you to tell me how you understand and interpret the material.
• Not using citations will result in a lower grade and possibly an “F”.
• Use of sources other than the notes and textbook are permissible.
• Use the RCBC Library Website for relevant information, books, and articles.
• Sources such as Wikipedia or yahoo answers, etc. are NOT legitimate resources.
• The bibliography is not counted as part of the essay.
• Any plagiarism will result in an F for this paper and the class.
• There is a plagiarism guideline posted on Blackboard. Read it.
• Although this is a history class, spelling, grammar, and clarity of thought are included as part of grading.
• If your work is poorly written and I am unable to understand what you are trying to say, you grade will be reduced.
• Not following the guidelines will result in a lower grade. i
• All work must be uploaded into Blackboard. E-mails and hard copies will NOT be accepted.
• Only PDFs or word documents will be accepted. If I cannot open your assignment or exam the grade of F

Assignment Description
Title: Ancient Egyptian Women’s Health Care Practices
Objective: This research paper aims to examine the obstetric and gynecological practices of ancient Egyptian women, focusing particularly on the childbirth cycle from preconception to postpartum. It involves a comparative analysis with contemporary medical practices to uncover the depth and sophistication of ancient Egyptian healthcare and its contributions to modern medical practices.
Tasks:
Research ancient Egyptian healthcare practices, focusing on obstetrics and gynecology.
Analyze historical texts, archaeological evidence, and modern interpretations to provide a comprehensive understanding of these practices.
Compare these ancient practices to modern healthcare techniques to identify enduring legacies and significant differences.
Evaluate the integration of cultural, spiritual, and medical practices in ancient Egyptian childbirth.
Expected Outcomes:
A detailed exploration of ancient Egyptian women’s healthcare practices.
Comparative analysis highlighting similarities and differences with modern practices.
Insight into the holistic approach of ancient Egyptian medicine, combining physical, emotional, and spiritual healthcare.
Articles and References
Primary Sources:
The Ebers Papyrus – Translated by Georg Ebers, Leipzig, 1875. Provides insights into medical practices and treatments used in ancient Egypt.
The Edwin Smith Papyrus – Offers descriptions of surgical procedures and treatments.
Secondary Sources:
Johnson, Mary. “Ancient Egyptian Medicine and Women’s Health.” Journal of Historical Medicine, vol. 34, no. 2, 2019, pp. 112–130. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1017/jhm.2019.003. A comprehensive review of women’s health practices in ancient Egypt and their implications for understanding ancient medical knowledge.
Nunn, John F. “Ancient Egyptian Medicine.” University of Oklahoma Press, 2002. This book provides a detailed account of the range of medical practices and the pharmacopoeia of ancient Egypt.
Tertiary Sources:
Wegner, Josef. “Birth Bricks and Goddesses: Ritual and Symbol in Ancient Egyptian Childbirth.” University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Details the discovery of birth bricks and their cultural significance in childbirth practices.
Citations
APA format for all references and in-text citations, ensuring academic integrity and proper attribution of sources.
Grade Rubric
Content (70%):
Accuracy and Depth of Content (40%): Accurately represents historical facts and interpretations of ancient Egyptian healthcare practices. Provides a thorough comparative analysis with modern medical practices.
Integration of Sources (30%): Effectively integrates primary, secondary, and tertiary sources to build a coherent argument. Uses sources to substantiate claims and provide historical context.
Writing Quality (20%):
Clarity and Organization (10%): The paper is well-organized, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Arguments are logically structured and easy to follow.
Grammar and Style (10%): Uses academic language appropriately. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling are accurate.
Research Skills (10%):
Use of Sources (5%): Demonstrates effective use of a variety of sources, including primary and secondary materials.
Citation and Referencing (5%): Adheres to APA citation style correctly and consistently.
Ancient Egyptian Women’s Health Care Practices
Jazz Hudson
San Francisco State University
Dr. Amar Casey
Course: Africana Studies Research Methods (AFRS 305 – Ancient Egypt)
Date: April 30, 2024
Abstract
This paper examines the obstetric and gynecological practices of ancient Egyptian women, focusing on the childbirth cycle from preconception to postpartum. Employing a comparative analysis with contemporary medical practices, this study reveals the sophistication of ancient Egyptian healthcare. By analyzing historical texts and incorporating insights from class discussions, the paper underscores the significant contributions of these practices to the evolution of modern medicine, offering a deeper understanding of their lasting impact
Research Question
“How did Ancient Egyptians approach women’s healthcare throughout the childbirth cycle, from preconception to postpartum, and in what ways do these historical practices align with or differ from modern women’s healthcare practices?”
Introduction
Ancient Egypt is celebrated not only for its architectural and artistic achievements but also for its advanced medical practices, particularly in women’s healthcare. This paper delves into the multifaceted approaches to health management during childbirth in ancient Egyptian society. By examining historical texts, archaeological evidence, and insights from Africana studies, this study provides a detailed exploration of the sophisticated and holistic medical practices of the time. It sets the stage for a thorough examination of these practices, comparing them to modern medical techniques to highlight both enduring legacies and significant differences.
Historical Context and Integration of Class Notes
In ancient Egypt, the concept of health was profoundly influenced by the interconnections between physical conditions, spiritual beliefs, and the environment. As discussed in our class, ancient Egyptians did not separate the spiritual from the medical; instead, they integrated these aspects into a cohesive approach to treatment and care. The Ebers Papyrus and Edwin Smith Papyrus are prime examples of how medical knowledge was documented and practiced, with these texts detailing procedures that combined surgical precision with magical incantations. The class discussions emphasized how this holistic approach is evident in the meticulous records and the medical ethos that valued balance and harmony, which were essential for health and well-being.
The Kahun Gynecological Papyrus and the Ebers Papyrus
The Kahun Gynecological Papyrus, one of the oldest known medical texts, focuses on women’s health and provides insights into how gynecological ailments were understood and treated in ancient Egypt. Alongside the Ebers Papyrus, which covers a broader range of medical conditions, these documents offer a window into the sophisticated medical practices of the time. They reveal that ancient Egyptians possessed detailed anatomical knowledge and employed a variety of treatments, from herbal remedies to complex surgeries, indicating a deep understanding of health and disease.
Historical Context of Ancient Egyptian Medicine:
Ancient Egyptian medical practices were deeply intertwined with religious beliefs and cultural norms. Physicians, revered and often associated with healing temples, utilized texts like the Ebers Papyrus and the Edwin Smith Papyrus. These documents are invaluable, providing insights into treatments, surgical procedures, and obstetric care that illustrate the extensive medical knowledge of the time.
Obstetrics in Ancient Egypt:
Obstetrics and gynecology in Ancient Egypt encompassed a wide range of practices, including childbirth rituals and the treatment of gynecological conditions. Childbirth was a significant event, surrounded by protective rituals and the aid of midwives who utilized birthing bricks and chairs. These methods reflect the Egyptians’ ergonomic understanding of childbirth, with divine assistance from goddesses like Hathor and Taweret, who sought protection and successful delivery.
Herbal Remedies Used by Ancient Egyptian Women for Healthcare
Herbal medicine was integral to ancient Egyptian medical practice. Detailed in texts like the Ebers Papyrus, a variety of plants and minerals were utilized for their health benefits, particularly in women’s healthcare:
Honey and Dates: These were used to enhance fertility and overall vitality.
Cumin and Fenugreek: Employed to facilitate labor and enhance lactation post-delivery.
Garlic and Onion: Used widely for their antibiotic properties and effectiveness in disease prevention.
Saffron: Applied for its properties in reducing menstrual pain and aiding in childbirth.
Acacia Leaves: Known for their contraceptive properties, these were used to formulate pastes applied intra-vaginally to prevent conception.
Ancient Egyptian Approaches to Contraception and Family Planning
Ancient Egyptian contraceptive methods were innovative and reflected a sophisticated understanding of reproductive health:
Acacia Gum: This substance was used for its spermicidal properties, combined with honey and natron, to form an effective vaginal insert.
Pessaries: Created from substances like crocodile dung and fermented dough, believed to alter the pH of the vagina to create a sperm-hostile environment.
Linen and Honey: These materials were used to make early versions of barrier contraceptives, which acted as physical blocks, similar to modern-day diaphragms.
Childbirth and Women’s Roles in Ancient Egypt
Childbirth in ancient Egypt intertwined medical and spiritual practices, emphasizing women’s significant roles beyond conventional domestic spheres. Goddesses like Hathor and Taweret were central to childbirth rituals, offering protection and support, as depicted in the vibrant reliefs at the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. This period also highlights prominent figures like Peseshet, one of the earliest known female physicians during the Fourth Dynasty, who challenged traditional gender roles and showcased the progressive nature of Egyptian society in recognizing women’s professional capabilities in healthcare.
Use of Birth Stools or Chairs
Ancient Egyptian women often used specially designed birth stools or chairs made from brick or wood. These stools facilitated a squatting position, which was thought to enhance the natural birthing process by utilizing gravity. This position also symbolized the opening of the gateway to life, an essential cultural metaphor in Egyptian society, enhancing childbirth’s symbolic and functional aspects.
Divine Assistance and Protection in Childbirth
Childbirth in Ancient Egypt was not only a physical process but also a profoundly spiritual event, heavily imbued with rituals and divine invocations. The Egyptians integrated their religious beliefs into the medical practices surrounding childbirth, believing that spiritual well-being significantly impacted physical health outcomes.
Rituals and Divine Protection
Childbirth was heavily ritualized, with specific prayers, spells, and amulets designed to invoke the protection of deities such as Taweret and Bes. These rituals served multiple purposes: They shield the mother and newborn from evil spirits, ensure a safe delivery, and align the spiritual and physical realms to promote health and vitality. Artifacts, such as amulets found in archaeological sites, and texts from medical papyri provide tangible evidence of these practices. These spiritual tools highlight the Egyptians’ belief in the powerful interplay between divine forces and human health.
Role of Deities in Childbirth
Taweret, the hippopotamus goddess associated with childbirth and fertility, was one of the central figures invoked during childbirth. Her presence was vital for protecting the mother and infant during and after the birthing process. Sculptures and reliefs depicting Taweret, often found in homes and birthing areas, underscore her importance as a protector and benefactor in everyday life. The rituals performed during childbirth sought her divine intervention. They aimed to align the spiritual and physical health of the mother and child, reflecting a holistic approach to medicine that is characteristic of ancient Egyptian culture.
This profoundly religious and holistic approach was integral to the medical practices of the time and illustrates how health care in ancient Egypt was a complex blend of the empirical and the spiritual. The spiritual practices surrounding childbirth reflect the Egyptians’ broader perspective on health and disease, which was not merely about treating physical symptoms but also about maintaining spiritual harmony and protection through the benevolence of their gods.
Role of Midwives
Midwives held a venerable position in ancient Egyptian society. They were trained in various techniques to assist during childbirth, including managing complications and using herbal remedies. Medical papyri provided instructions on handling difficult deliveries, positioning the mother, and immediate postnatal care, highlighting the professionalism and respected status of midwives.
Herbal Remedies and Medications
A wide range of herbal remedies was utilized to aid the childbirth process:
Oils and Herbs: Massaging the abdomen with oils infused with herbs was a common practice to alleviate labor pains.
Honey and Dates: These were consumed to boost energy or applied topically to reduce infection risks.
Garlic and Onions: Known for their antibacterial properties, they enhance the mother’s immune system during and after childbirth.
Saffron is often used to stimulate contractions if labor is delayed or progressing slowly.
Hygiene and Postpartum Care
The emphasis on cleanliness and postpartum care was significant, with various cleansing rituals performed to ensure the health of the mother and newborn. Medicinal washes, often herbal, were used to clean and disinfect, while dietary regulations were prescribed to aid recovery and ensure adequate nutrition, especially for lactating mothers.
Fetal Positioning and Monitoring
Knowledge of fetal positioning was advanced in ancient Egypt. Texts describe how midwives corrected malpositions, demonstrating an understanding of the complications associated with childbirth. These practices underscore the medical knowledge possessed by Egyptian healthcare providers.
Spiritual and Psychological Support
The mother’s psychological well-being was paramount, with family and community support playing a crucial role. The presence of midwives who provided emotional reassurance and spiritual practices helped reduce the stress and fear associated with childbirth, showcasing the comprehensive care provided during this critical time.
Influence of Ancient Egyptian Women’s Healthcare Practices on Modern Healthcare
The legacy of Ancient Egyptian medicine is visible in several aspects of modern women’s healthcare:
Holistic Care: The Ancient Egyptians’ approach to treating the whole person—considering physical, emotional, and spiritual health—mirrors the practices seen in modern holistic medicine.
Herbal Medicine: Many of the plants used in ancient times are still studied today for their medicinal properties, particularly in the field of natural health and complementary therapies.
Contraception: The concept of using barrier methods and spermicides in ancient times can be seen as a precursor to some modern contraceptive techniques.
Childbirth and Women’s Roles in Ancient Egypt
Childbirth was a critical event in ancient Egyptian society, heavily embedded with cultural and spiritual significance. The roles of women during childbirth were not only as patients but also as crucial health practitioners. Women like Peseshet, a well-documented female physician, challenged traditional gender roles and highlighted the progressive nature of Egyptian society. Their contributions to healthcare were significant, providing us with early examples of women in medicine and the high regard they were held in within their communities.
Contributions of Peseshet and Imhotep to Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Peseshet’s contributions to medicine are particularly notable in the context of women’s health. As a physician, she likely dealt with various aspects of gynecology and obstetrics, from fertility treatments to childbirth. Her work demonstrates the advanced medical practices of ancient Egypt and their nuanced approach to women’s health.
Imhotep, often regarded as one of the world’s first documented physicians, left a legacy that transcends his era. His contributions include the compilation of medical texts, which have been instrumental in our understanding of ancient Egyptian medicine. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, attributed to his teachings, features a systematic approach to surgery and diagnostics that predate modern medical practices by millennia. Imhotep’s methodologies in medicine, combining empirical observation with spiritual elements, laid foundational principles that have influenced subsequent Egyptian medicine and global medical practices.
The influence of ancient Egyptian healthcare practices, especially in women’s health, is still evident in modern medicine. Their holistic approach, which focuses on treating the patient as a whole rather than just treating symptoms, is similar to modern-day practices. Ancient Egyptians used herbal medicine extensively, which is still relevant today in natural health products and complementary therapies. Many herbs used in the past are still significant for their therapeutic properties.
The ancient Egyptians were innovative in reproductive health, and their practices, including the use of natural substances as spermicides and physical barriers as a form of contraception, have influenced modern-day methods. This shows that the Egyptians had a profound understanding of reproductive health that has evolved but still acknowledges its ancient roots. 
Their approach to healthcare, which emphasized the integration of emotional and spiritual well-being with physical health, has been echoed in modern-day holistic and integrative medicine practices. Additionally, their use of herbal remedies and contraceptive methods has influenced current approaches to natural health and family planning, demonstrating the lasting impact of their medical innovations.
Comparison with Modern Women’s Health Care Practices:
When comparing Ancient Egyptian and modern women’s healthcare practices, similarities and differences emerge. Ancient methods often relied on natural substances and cultural beliefs, while modern practices integrate scientific advancements and evidence-based approaches. Despite vast differences in medical knowledge and technology, both systems prioritize the well-being of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum recovery, highlighting the continuity and evolution of women’s health care.
Both ancient and modern approaches recognize the importance of holistic care, considering physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects, and emphasize personalized care, informed decision-making, and support throughout the reproductive journey.
Legacy and Influence
The medical practices of Ancient Egypt have left a lasting legacy on the field of medicine, particularly in the areas of women’s health and holistic care. Their approach to healthcare, which integrated physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being, has influenced the development of medical practices in subsequent civilizations and contemporary approaches to health and medicine.
Influence on Later Medical Practices: Ancient Egyptian practices, with their detailed medical texts and sophisticated understanding of women’s health, have provided a foundation for later advancements in medicine. These practices have been studied and revered by generations of medical practitioners, highlighting the enduring value of ancient wisdom in the ever-evolving field of medicine.
Conclusion
This exploration into the healthcare practices of ancient Egyptian women, particularly during childbirth, reveals a sophisticated understanding of medical science that aligns in many ways with modern approaches. The legacy of these ancient practices is evident in today’s holistic and integrative medical philosophies, reflecting a continuum in prioritizing comprehensive care. The findings suggest that ancient medical practices can inform current medical strategies, particularly in enhancing the holistic care frameworks that consider physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. Future research should explore further cross-cultural comparisons and the potential integration of ancient wisdom into contemporary medical training and practices, underscoring the relevance of historical medical practices in today’s healthcare landscape.

Instructions will be uploaded later.
Important Info
The order was placed through a short procedure (customer skipped some order details).
Please clarify some paper details before starting to work on the order.
Type of paper and subject
Number of sources and formatting style
Type of service (writing, rewriting, etc)

Your Final Exam Writing Assignment Two is due Thursday, May 2nd. Answer this question:
To complete your final exam, use the textbook, primary sources, and sources you have found, read, analyzed, and discussed during the semester to answer the question below.
What were the significant differences and similarities between Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.′s and Malcolm X′s philosophies? Highlight their primary similarities and differences in providing ideological and tactical guidance for the mass protests of the 1960s.
Constructing your writing assignment:
Step One: Introduction
Your essay must begin with an introduction that starts with a thesis statement. Your thesis statement must respond to the bolded prompt above. Underline or highlight your thesis statement.
Here is a tool to help you develop your thesis statement:
Thesis Development WorksheetDownload Thesis Development Worksheet
Step Two: Body of Essay (Using Evidence to Support Your Thesis)
Organize the body of your essay into four paragraphs with a clear topic sentence (the paragraph′s main point). The topic sentence must support your thesis, so always keep your thesis (the main point/contention/argument) of your paper in mind as you construct each paragraph. Organize your paragraphs by topic; then use one or more (related) primary sources that explain or illustrate your main point. Each paragraph should be several sentences long. Use transitions at the end of each paragraph to move from one topic to the next.
Each paragraph must use evidence from the primary sources we read and discussed during Weeks 10-15. Use the evidence to support your thesis. You must use at least three scholarly sources (primary or secondary). Use the information you learned from the textbook to help contextualize the primary sources. This means that you should consider the textbook information as ″background″ info from which you should identify and apply relevant historical information to make sense of primary sources. Don′t guess what the primary sources mean. Analyze them using the textbook.
Here are some tools to help you prepare:
Primary Source Worksheet Download Primary Source Worksheet Constructing a Paragraph Links to an external site.
Step Three: Conclusion
Your essay must end with a concluding paragraph. Your conclusion should reiterate your central thesis from your introduction as well as the most important main points or topics you explored throughout the essay and should explain the significance of the case (in other words, ″Why is this important/significant to the study of African American history?″). Mechanics and Citations
For your writing assignment, double-space your paper and use 12-point font and standard margins. Cite your sources (use MLA Links to an external site.or Chicago Manual Style. Links to an external site. Your response must begin with an introduction with a thesis statement and include three additional sections (four total): paragraph one consists of an intro/with a thesis statement. You will submit four paragraphs, including an opening paragraph, two body paragraphs, a conclusion paragraph, and three historical sources, on a separate (unnumbered) bibliography page. You can use only one SCD as a primary source. Still, you need to find and consult at least two more outside scholarly historical sources, which can be found in the Ned McWherter library, including J-STOR or the online Google Books. All three references must be listed on your Works Cited/Bibliography page and formatted correctly using APA, MLA, or Turabian/Chicago styles. Your thesis statement must respond to the assignment above. Underline or highlight your thesis statement. Points will be deducted from papers that don′t adhere to the instructions. You should include a parenthetical citation when referencing, summarizing, paraphrasing, or quoting a historical source. Every in-text citation in your paper must have a corresponding entry in your Works Cited list. For example, MLA parenthetical citation uses the author′s last name and a page number (Browne 107). In contrast, historians use the Chicago/Turabian format when writing, including author-date publication and page numbers in their parenthetical citations (LeDoux 2003, 116). If you number the Works Cited/Bibliography and title pages, I will deduct points.
Please include the Works Cited page as the last unnumbered page of your final exam and submit it in one file. Exams submitted in multiple files will have points deducted, so please double-check before submission.
Save your work as a Microsoft Word document file. Include your name and a proper heading: name your file YourLastNameFinal Exam (don′t use special characters in the file name). Submit your completed, proofread essay by 10:59 PM on May 2nd.
Rubric – HIST 3881 Final Exam Writing Assignment One (1a) (1)
Rubric – HIST 3881 Final Exam Writing Assignment One (1a) (1)
Criteria Ratings Pts
The essay provides Inro, Body, Conclusion
view longer desсrіption
20 pts
Excellent
The essay provides an accurate number of paragraphs with appropriate sections. Includes the proper heading and complete sentences and uses correct capitalization, grammar, and punctuation.
10 pts
Adequate
The essay provides some desсrіptive paragraphs, but not all sections are included in the response. It only offers some of the following: the proper heading needs complete sentences and correct capitalization, grammar, and punctuation.
5 pts
Minimal
The essay does not provide the required desсrіptive paragraphs in the response. The response needs to be better constructed and include appropriate sections. It does not have the proper heading, needs complete sentences, and correct capitalization, grammar, and punctuation.
3 pts
Poor
The essay does not provide any required desсrіptive paragraphs in the response. The response should have included the appropriate sections, proper heading, complete sentences, and correct capitalization, grammar, and punctuation.
/ 20 pts
Primary and secondary sources are required
view longer desсrіption
20 pts
Excellent
Demonstrates thorough knowledge of the period in which the source was written; the essay relates the primary and secondary sources to the specific historical context in which it was written.
10 pts
Adequate
It uses previous historical knowledge to examine issues included in this essay and consists of some source material.
5 pts
Minimal
Limited use of historical sources to analyze issues presented in this essay.
3 pts
Poor
Does not use primary or secondary sources to place this essay question in a historical context.
/ 20 pts
Analysis of Essay Question
view longer desсrіption
10 pts
Excellent
In-depth analysis and interpretation; insightful observations; explores the reliability of author(s) and primary sources and places correct information in the essay question′s appropriate sections (intro, body, conclusion).
5 pts
Adequate
The analysis is generally sound, but the information could be more specific in some essay sections.
3 pts
Minimal
Minimal source analysis; little insight; the information must be placed correctly.
1 pts
Poor
No indication they read and attempted to analyze this specific source material to answer the essay question or place data in the correct sections.
/ 10 pts
Total Points: 0

Your Final Exam Writing Assignment Two is due Thursday, May 2nd. Answer this question:
To complete your final exam, use the textbook, primary sources, and sources you have found, read, analyzed, and discussed during the semester to answer the question below.
What were the significant differences and similarities between Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.′s and Malcolm X′s philosophies? Highlight their primary similarities and differences in providing ideological and tactical guidance for the mass protests of the 1960s.
Constructing your writing assignment:
Step One: Introduction
Your essay must begin with an introduction that starts with a thesis statement. Your thesis statement must respond to the bolded prompt above. Underline or highlight your thesis statement.
Here is a tool to help you develop your thesis statement:
Thesis Development WorksheetDownload Thesis Development Worksheet
Step Two: Body of Essay (Using Evidence to Support Your Thesis)
Organize the body of your essay into four paragraphs with a clear topic sentence (the paragraph′s main point). The topic sentence must support your thesis, so always keep your thesis (the main point/contention/argument) of your paper in mind as you construct each paragraph. Organize your paragraphs by topic; then use one or more (related) primary sources that explain or illustrate your main point. Each paragraph should be several sentences long. Use transitions at the end of each paragraph to move from one topic to the next.
Each paragraph must use evidence from the primary sources we read and discussed during Weeks 10-15. Use the evidence to support your thesis. You must use at least three scholarly sources (primary or secondary). Use the information you learned from the textbook to help contextualize the primary sources. This means that you should consider the textbook information as ″background″ info from which you should identify and apply relevant historical information to make sense of primary sources. Don′t guess what the primary sources mean. Analyze them using the textbook.
Here are some tools to help you prepare:
Primary Source Worksheet Download Primary Source Worksheet Constructing a Paragraph Links to an external site.
Step Three: Conclusion
Your essay must end with a concluding paragraph. Your conclusion should reiterate your central thesis from your introduction as well as the most important main points or topics you explored throughout the essay and should explain the significance of the case (in other words, ″Why is this important/significant to the study of African American history?″). Mechanics and Citations
For your writing assignment, double-space your paper and use 12-point font and standard margins. Cite your sources (use MLA Links to an external site.or Chicago Manual Style. Links to an external site. Your response must begin with an introduction with a thesis statement and include three additional sections (four total): paragraph one consists of an intro/with a thesis statement. You will submit four paragraphs, including an opening paragraph, two body paragraphs, a conclusion paragraph, and three historical sources, on a separate (unnumbered) bibliography page. You can use only one SCD as a primary source. Still, you need to find and consult at least two more outside scholarly historical sources, which can be found in the Ned McWherter library, including J-STOR or the online Google Books. All three references must be listed on your Works Cited/Bibliography page and formatted correctly using APA, MLA, or Turabian/Chicago styles. Your thesis statement must respond to the assignment above. Underline or highlight your thesis statement. Points will be deducted from papers that don′t adhere to the instructions. You should include a parenthetical citation when referencing, summarizing, paraphrasing, or quoting a historical source. Every in-text citation in your paper must have a corresponding entry in your Works Cited list. For example, MLA parenthetical citation uses the author′s last name and a page number (Browne 107). In contrast, historians use the Chicago/Turabian format when writing, including author-date publication and page numbers in their parenthetical citations (LeDoux 2003, 116). If you number the Works Cited/Bibliography and title pages, I will deduct points.
Please include the Works Cited page as the last unnumbered page of your final exam and submit it in one file. Exams submitted in multiple files will have points deducted, so please double-check before submission.
Save your work as a Microsoft Word document file. Include your name and a proper heading: name your file YourLastNameFinal Exam (don′t use special characters in the file name). Submit your completed, proofread essay by 10:59 PM on May 2nd.
Rubric – HIST 3881 Final Exam Writing Assignment One (1a) (1)
Rubric – HIST 3881 Final Exam Writing Assignment One (1a) (1)
Criteria Ratings Pts
The essay provides Inro, Body, Conclusion
view longer desсrіption
20 pts
Excellent
The essay provides an accurate number of paragraphs with appropriate sections. Includes the proper heading and complete sentences and uses correct capitalization, grammar, and punctuation.
10 pts
Adequate
The essay provides some desсrіptive paragraphs, but not all sections are included in the response. It only offers some of the following: the proper heading needs complete sentences and correct capitalization, grammar, and punctuation.
5 pts
Minimal
The essay does not provide the required desсrіptive paragraphs in the response. The response needs to be better constructed and include appropriate sections. It does not have the proper heading, needs complete sentences, and correct capitalization, grammar, and punctuation.
3 pts
Poor
The essay does not provide any required desсrіptive paragraphs in the response. The response should have included the appropriate sections, proper heading, complete sentences, and correct capitalization, grammar, and punctuation.
/ 20 pts
Primary and secondary sources are required
view longer desсrіption
20 pts
Excellent
Demonstrates thorough knowledge of the period in which the source was written; the essay relates the primary and secondary sources to the specific historical context in which it was written.
10 pts
Adequate
It uses previous historical knowledge to examine issues included in this essay and consists of some source material.
5 pts
Minimal
Limited use of historical sources to analyze issues presented in this essay.
3 pts
Poor
Does not use primary or secondary sources to place this essay question in a historical context.
/ 20 pts
Analysis of Essay Question
view longer desсrіption
10 pts
Excellent
In-depth analysis and interpretation; insightful observations; explores the reliability of author(s) and primary sources and places correct information in the essay question′s appropriate sections (intro, body, conclusion).
5 pts
Adequate
The analysis is generally sound, but the information could be more specific in some essay sections.
3 pts
Minimal
Minimal source analysis; little insight; the information must be placed correctly.
1 pts
Poor
No indication they read and attempted to analyze this specific source material to answer the essay question or place data in the correct sections.
/ 10 pts
Total Points: 0

This paper will examine a single social scientist of African descent to emerge during the era of what many have called “The Black social sciences” (c. 1970s and 1980s). The intellectual biography should include: 1) a scholarly background of the author that examines his or her dissertation topic (if available), their advisors and/or scholarly influences, and their professional and organizational affiliations, including the work done under the aegis of such institutions; 2) scholarly production (i.e. What did they write? When did they write it?); 3) contributions to knowledge (i.e. What was the intellectual content of these writings? The major conclusions?); and 4) their impact (i.e. What was the effect that their work had? On the academy? On the community?). The main question (i.e. your thesis) for your intellectual biographies and the connecting idea for each of the four components just discussed is this: How has the intellectual work of your selected figure affected the development of the their chosen discipline and/or Africana Studies? You are encouraged to begin the process of developing their arguments early in the semester. There will be two check-ins before the paper/project
is due. Introduction and at least three additional paragraphs

2024 Spring Introduction to African American Studies (AAST-200-03)
Essay#1 
For this assignment, you will write an analytical essay (1,000 words minimum) comparing two perspectives on a particular debate in African American Studies or the African American experience.  Develop an evidence-based argument about which position is more compelling. Below are some suggested topics though you may use your own:
Standard English vs. African American Vernacular English
Violence and Nonviolence
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois
Malcolm X vs. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Old Negro vs. New Negro
White privilege myths/realities
Black privilege myths/realities
Racism vs. Anti-racism
Abolitionist vs. Slaveholders
Race-based trauma myths/realities
Segregation vs. Integration
Black Nationalism vs. White Nationalism
Double consciousness myths/realities
Internal racism vs. External racism
Civil Rights Patriarchy vs. Civil Rights Matriarchy
Cultural Appropriation vs. Cultural Appreciation
Use a thesis with a strong debatable claim.
Use quotes from at least one peer-reviewed journal article.
Do not use first or second person POV.

Write a two page paper on the socioeconomic conditions in African American Society today. Will be checked for plagiarism