Below, I have listed a few interventions/policies that have been used to address criminal behavior, along with a relevant theory that ties in with the intervention/policy (for example, mandatory minimums links to deterrence theory. Please make sure that you are not matching the intervention/policy with the wrong theory).
Mandatory Minimums – Deterrence
Youth Curfews – Routine Activities
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – Biopsychosocial
Sex Offender Registries – Labeling
Choose and explain one of the specific interventions/policies listed above and explain its effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) in addressing crime. Be sure to explain what aspects of the policy align with the theory that it is associated with. In your reflection, you should also identify at least 1 crime type or sample for which the intervention/policy has been applied, discuss at least one limitation of the intervention or policy, identify one way in which the intervention or policy could be improved and explain why it would improve the intervention/policy in a way that is consistent with the relevant theory.
describe the intervention/policy you chose
explain whether research has found the intervention/policy to be effective or ineffective in lowering crime and why — note that this is not asking for your personal opinion about whether it is effective or not
explain how the theory relates to the intervention/policy
identify a sample or crime type that the intervention/policy has been applied to and explain why the sample or crime type is suitable for the intervention/policy
identify at least 1 limitation of the intervention/policy and explain why it is a limitation
identify at least 1 way to improve the intervention/policy and explain how the theory supports your improvement suggestion
have at least 2 scholarly references cited in APA format in the bibliography
have at least 2 scholarly in-text citations in APA format
Category: Criminal Justice
Week 2 – Kennedy
Bobby Kennedy
Good Monday Morning, Professor and Classmates,
This week, we were asked the following questions:
If profilers are able to identify specific traits and/or characteristics of mass murders, how could criminal justice utilize these predictors to prevent future incidents?
Mass murderers and the heinous acts they commit can not be compartmentalized or narrowed down into a strict characterization of traits (Holmes & Holmes, 1992). There are, however, some identifying traits and characteristics of the individuals who commit mass murders. Statistically, Mass murderers often die at the scene of the crime, during or shortly after committing the mass murder (Holmes & Holmes, 1992). Mass murderers often want to be famous and want it to be known who committed the murders (Holmes & Holmes, 1992). At the same time, routinely, serial killers try to avoid being identified but want to prove a point or kill out of some deep-rooted disdain for their victim demographically (Holmes & Holmes, 1992).
It is difficult to determine the specific traits of a mass murderer as each one has different driving factors that cause them to commit the mass murder. Generally, the mass murderer is not significantly different from the average citizen on the surface, and most times, the individual is closer characteristically to suicidal individuals than they are to serial killers (Lankford et al., 2021). Statistically, most mass murderers are male, live alone or with family, are unmarried, have little to no interaction with other members of society except through the internet or social media apps, and have been reported as quiet (Lankford et al., 2021). A large number of mass murderers, in some form or fashion, will tell others about their plans to commit the act or will have some sort of manifesto ready to explain their actions since they do not plan to survive the act.
Having identified these traits, could Investigators use these to help solve, prevent, or identify mass murderers and prevent future acts?
Theoretically, they could. However, the description of most mass murderers is, as stated, not that much different than regular citizens. Many people are single, unmarried, or live with family. Even so, plenty more would be described as quiet, strange, and may be socially awkward. Add in the fact that most individuals will say things in person or online that they have no intention of acting upon. The amount of white noise and excess of individuals that act in line with the specific traits of mass murderers makes it next to impossible to sift through all the individuals and identify the ones who will act prior to a mass murder.
These indicators, coupled with a narrowed search area based on other factors in an investigation, such as locality, age, family concerns, tips from the public, and more, make the chances of a criminal profiler narrowing the field of possible suspects relatively good. This further solidifies the point that criminal profilers are a resource to help direct an investigation and not the definitive driving factor.
How might cultural bias threaten the objectivity required to investigate a crime scene?
Cultural biases are a concern in any investigation. Investigators must work to understand the cultures in the area with which they are working. For instance, in some cultures, individuals are more comfortable living with family members in the same home. Likewise, some cultures are less openly social outside of their families and communities; this in and of itself should not scream mass murderer to an investigator if they are well versed in other cultural norms.
In general, no investigator should let any lack of understanding or personal beliefs drive an investigation. Investigations should be driven solely by evidence. The best means to help do this are an individual’s understanding of not only cultural norms but also their own potential biases, as well as the utilization of peers or multiple resources, which help to promote thinking outside the box and drive evidential-based direction in investigations.
Thanks,
B. Kennedy
References:
Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (1992). Understanding mass murder: A starting point. Federal Probation, 56(1), 53. https://web-p-ebscohost-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=23f33c4f-8f1d-408f-8c4c-8d688f77d62d%40redis&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=9205184279&db=i3h
Lankford, A., Silver, J., & Cox, J. (2021). An epidemiological analysis of public mass shooters and active shooters: Quantifying key differences between perpetrators and the general population, homicide offenders, and people who die by suicide. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 8(4), 125-144. https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000166
Discuss the differences between multi- dimensional treatments and uni-dimensional treatments with substance abusers. In other words, discuss whether one specific treatment method should be used in the CJS (i.e. AA or NA only, therapy only, groups only) or if multiple treatment methods should be used where a number of different treatment methodologies are combined. Which do you think would have better treatment outcomes? What does the research state about treatment outcomes?
Also, and as part of this paper, discuss the efficacy of treating a substance disorder individually, treating a mental health disorder individually (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, etc.) or treating both disorders together in a program that addresses both of these concerns in the CJS. What is your opinion and what does the research state? What does the research state about the percentage of co-morbid or dual diagnoses in the CJS vs. individual substance disorders and mental health disorders? Cite at least 6 current (last 5 to 10 years) research articles from scholarly sources for this paper. This paper should be a minimum of 9 pages and no longer than 10 pages, double-spaced. Do not count your title page as one of the required number of pages. Remember that using APA style 7th edition is imperative! An abstract is required and will count towards your minimum page number.
Zachary Hall – Week 2
Contains unread posts
Zachary Hall #1
As criminal profiling occurs at the conclusion of both physical and behavioral evidence analysis, criminal profilers play an important role in identifying characteristics and behaviors of violent offenders (Turvey, 2011). Criminal profilers will use the information and evidence collected from the scene, in order to identify specific characteristics of an offender (Turvey, 2011). These characteristics are predictions to assist in the identification of the offender. Predictions can be used to assess if an offender will continue to pose a risk for future crimes, if or when released from jail, prison, mental hospital, etc. [National Research Council (NRC), 1994]. Prediction research focuses primarily on the chances of future crimes being committed by people with certain characteristics (NRC, 1994).
Preventing future crimes comes with uncertainties. One of the uncertainties of prevention of future crimes is offenders who need continual medication(s). Once the offender is released there is no overhead to ensure these offenders continue their medication(s). If a criminal profiler provides insight as to which offenders are more likely to stop their medication(s), future crimes may be prevented (NRC, 1994). However, only becoming aware of these traits or characteristics, the door is only open for the possibility of preventing future crimes (Holmes & Holmes, 1992).
Knowing traits of an offender and physical evidence, at times leads to an offender’s modus operandi (Turvey, 2011). Not only is the profiling of an offender important but identifying the “…characteristics of a particular offender’s victim choices can lead to inferences about…modus operandi…” (Turvey, 2011, pp. 125). The modus operandi used by offender is an indication of who is at risk. Knowing which victims are at most risk and exposure may prevent future crimes as well (Turvey, 2011).
Preventing future crimes does not mean crimes will stop. It is merely the prevention of future crimes committed by previous offenders. Identifying and understanding specific traits or characteristics of offenders is a team effort (Turvey, 2011). This also gives law enforcement officers the knowledge of who potential offenders are while conducting patrols. Although law enforcement officers are unable to apprehend people before a crime has been committed, law enforcement officers will be able to assist people in getting the help they need before a crime is committed.
References:
Holmes, R.M. & Holmes, S.T. (1992). Understanding mass murder: A starting point. A Journal of Correctional Philosophy and Practice. 56, 53-61.
National, Research Council, et al. (1994). Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. National Academies Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID
Turvey, B.E. (2011). Criminal profiling: An introduction to behavioral evidence analysis. Chapter 5 & 6. http://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu
#2
Before criminal profiling can occur, a crime scene needs to be investigated. Crime scene investigations are at the heart of every crime. Crime scene investigations lead to crime scene analysis. People tend to interpret these as the same thing. However, crime scene analysis is “…the analytical process of interpreting the specific features of a crime and related crime scenes” (Turvey, 2011, pp. 158). Not all crime scenes provide a complete picture of a crime (Turvey, 2011). At times, intuition, or other forms of bias, is used to complete the analysis (Turvey, 2011).
Everyone has bias, whether we know it or not. When biases are present there is only a higher or lower attentiveness of his or her prejudice (Monahan & Polk, n.d.). Biases come in various forms and are used whether we know it or not (Turvey, 2011; Pittaro, 2018). Cultural stereotypes strengthen one’s bias towards certain individuals (Pittaro, 2018). These biases are dangerous when used without logic reasoning and in turn can destroy all efforts of an investigation (Turvey, 2011). Biases, by themselves, have no place throughout the investigation process (Turvey, 2011). Even though they have no place in the process, there is no way of removing all of the biases from out thought process (Turvey, 2011).
Biases are a part of everyday life, weather we realize it or not (Turvey, 2011; Pittaro, 2018). We are only able to mitigate a portion of the biases we hold (Turvey, 2011). Biases can be detrimental to criminal investigations as they may lead to the wrong profile (Turvey, 2011). The only mechanism that criminal profiles can implement with biases, is to more cognizant of their biases.
References:
Monahan, J. & Polk, S. (n.d.). The effect of cultural bias on the investigation and prosecution of sexual assault. Police Chief Magazine. https://www.policechiefmagazine.org/the-effect-of-cultural-bias-on-the-investigation/.
Pittaro, M. (2018). Implicit Bias Within the Criminal Justice System, Psychology Today blog. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-crime-and-justice-doctor/201811/implicit-bias-within-the-criminal-justice-system.
Turvey, B.E. (2011). Criminal profiling: An introduction to behavioral evidence analysis. Chapter 4, 5, & 6. http://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu
Step 1: Choose a criminological theory that you believe explains this crime. Choose a different theory than that used in assignment number one.
The first paragraph should explain the case, who, what where when and how, in your own words. Make it clear you understand what the crime is and how it was carried out. You can access other DOJ documents on this specific case only by doing a google search with the following search phrase:
Add name of primary perpetrator here + DOJ site:gov
The document I have added below may be enough for you to write the paper.
The second paragraph should be a thorough discussion of the criminological theory you have chosen to explain this crime. Make sure you include the name of the person who developed the theory, background, and demonstrate a clear understanding of the theory. You are allowed to use only the course text for this discussion.
The remaining paragraphs must be an argument supporting your claim that this specific theory explains the specific criminal case you have chosen.
The total paper should be about 500 words.
It must include citations for any quoted material. All verbatim copy must be in quotation marks and properly cited, and under 25% match rate on turnitin.
I am looking for your understanding of the theory and your ability to apply it to the criminal case you have chosen.
https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/pr/pennsylvania-family-pleads-guilty-fentanyl-trafficking
Answer these question, treat them as a long-answer question/essay. preferable with depth:
Answer the following four questions (20 Points Each)
1. Distinguish between power and authority?
2. To what extent does an agency’s reliance on its history and folklore to enhance its self-image impede its ability to change?
3. Is leadership a learned skill or inherited skill?
4. What are the three most important measurements of an effective organizations?
Mandatory Question (20 points)
5. Should Chiefs of Police be elected officials like County Sheriffs to minimize political pressure on daily police life?
Mandatory Questions (35 Points each)
6. What are five major job duties which are different between a chief of police and a Warden of a Correctional Institution?
7. Explain the moral and ethical issues inherent in administration of justice programs?
see attached file pleas write post graduate/doctorate format in a pro American conservative view cite the text chapter in the instructions as well as one bible citation and reference.
The U.S. Supreme Court is not the branch of government tasked with making laws and policy. But in maybe its most consequential term in decades, it had an arguably more impactful policy session than Congress, with decisions to overturn Roe v. Wade, expand the rights of gun owners, and curtail the Biden administration’s power to combat climate change.
This term “showed just how much the 6-3 conservative majority will influence and reshape those areas of policy and law,” said Todd Ruger, editor of immigration and legal affairs at CQ and Roll Call, at a recent FiscalNote event. “This one was momentous, not just because of the issues that were decided, which were huge, but how they were decided and what they could mean for the future.”
The ramifications for government relations and advocacy professionals who traditionally looked to influence policy through educating legislators are vast and far-reaching.
A major case decided by the Supreme Court this term was a victory for gun rights advocates who challenged New York’s concealed carry permitting law, which made it a crime to carry a concealed firearm without a license. New York also required administrative interviews and that a person prove the need to carry a concealed firearm. The Supreme Court found those restrictions unconstitutional in this ruling.
“This also was the opportunity that they took to state that there was a right to carry a firearm for self-defense outside of the home, which was the first time that they’ve done that,” Macagnone said.
Justice Clarence Thomas wrote the opinion for the case and used a method of looking at gun regulation that he said keeps with the history and tradition of the country, “accepting only those gun restrictions that had a longstanding history, going back to the colonial era,” Macagnone explained.
This ruling has many potential implications for future gun regulations. One issue that could arise is whether there are particular places that can actively prohibit carrying firearms, such as churches or public transportation. The court discussed this in its oral argument but didn’t reach a decision this term. Another future issue to watch in gun regulation regards the acceptable limits of the state’s regulation of the right to bear arms.
Based on the information above about the Bruen case and the information that you have acquired this semester, please explain in a one-page memo whether, in your opinion, courts play an increasingly marginal or persistently significant role in American politics and why (or why not).
https://fiscalnote.com/webinars/on-demand-the-new-policymakers-scotus#entry:61119@1:url
First, imagine you are creating a guide to assist a victim of domestic violence in leaving an abusive relationship. You should pick a specific location (e.g., Lancaster, Bakersfield, Los Angeles, etc) that you would like to research. Please note, if you pick a small city or county, there is a good likelihood that few resources will exist and you will have little to write about. Please consider this when selecting a location.
Then, you will write a research report where you will respond to the following questions:
1.) What criminal justice (i.e., law enforcement, court) resources are available to someone leaving an abusive relationship in your selected city? Examples of information to include are:
Process of reporting domestic violence
Process of obtaining a protection/restraining order
2.) What community resources are available to someone leaving an abusive relationship in your selected city? Examples of information to include are:
Housing, food, childcare, etc.
Employment assistance
Restrictions for receiving resources
3.) In your opinion, what should be done to better assist someone leaving an abusive relationship in your selected city? Examples of information to include are:
What gaps do you see in services?
Who is ineligible for services?
What is the duration of services?
Paper Requirements:
Papers must be 6-8 pages (not including references, title page, charts, graphs, etc)
1″ margins
Times New Roman font
Double spaced
Include references for all information
No quotations (see below)
Reference Information:
References can come from any sources. These can include agency websites, social media sites, and news articles.
A minimum of 6 references must be included in your paper.
What not to include in your paper:
QUOTATIONS OF ANY KIND! This paper should be written fully in your own words. Quotations will not count towards the page length.
A detailed explanation of what domestic violence is and facts about domestic violence. You should assume that this is already known. Instead, your paper should focus on resources (i.e., criminal justice and community) that are available to victims.
Federal or state resources for domestic violence. You should be focused on your specific location and what is available to victims in that location.
Personal experiences
Free flowing information that is not based upon your research on the issue. For example, you should not have lengthy sections where you simply discuss the topic generally. The one exception to this is the third section of your paper where you discuss improving services for victims.
Explain the elements of the psychological factors of juvenile delinquency.
What are the policy implications of this theory for juvenile
delinquency? What are some of the suggestions/prescriptions for how to
handle juveniles who deviate into crime according to this theory?