you will identify the specific focus / thesis for your research paper topic. This assignment must include: (1) a Chicago Style paper outline, (2) a working thesis statement, (3) two primary sources from your eText, and (4) at least one secondary source formatted in Chicago Style to support our thesis.
must use “Lincoln’s second Inaugrual address” from Roy P Basle, ed. The collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (new Brunswick, NJ; Rutgers Unversity Press, 1953) vol 8 pp 332-333
also can use Lincolns Speech at springfield (primary source)
i’ve attached the research paper outline example for the format as well.
Category: American history
Essay Questions:
From the following list, you are to clearly and succinctly write an in-depth, thoughtful essay (on average, 5-6+ pages) clearly answering all of the questions, and discussing all of the points in one of the following prompts. Be certain to answer and discuss all aspects of and questions in your selected prompt. Be certain to discuss relevant issues and terms, addressing key points, dates, and/or people involved within the topic; specifically addressing issues of context and significance. I expect you to utilize information from both out class lectures, and the assigned readings. Be Specific! (100 Points)
Discuss the rise and events of the Cold War in the 1940s and 1950s-the early 1990s. What were the major disagreements, and issues that separated the United States and the Soviet Union? Where did the “Cold War” boil over into a “hot war”? How and why did the United States try to counter the spread of communism? Lastly, orthodox historians place blame for the Cold War on the Soviet Union, while revisionist historians attribute its creation to the rise of American imperialism. Who is at “fault” for starting the Cold War? Is it that simple? Can we clearly blame one side or the other for the start of the Cold War? Be sure to discuss specific examples and cite specific events.
Write an essay on the Cold War. What were the causes of the Cold War? Why was the
US determined to defeat communism? How did the Cold War impact on US society,
politics, and economics? What role did the Cold War play in Korea, Iran, Guatemala, and
Vietnam and Nicaragua?
Imagine you are designing a “Museum of California History.” Identify four things you would include in your museum, making sure to explain, thoughtfully, why you are including each of them—how they connect to the theme, but also what unique element each of them brings in terms of understanding the theme.
Comments: The first thing you have to keep in mind is that museums, especially historical museums, ALWAYS have a lesson they are trying to communicate, because they want you to take something meaningful from the experience. The message of The Museum of Tolerance, for example, is that anyone is capable of bigotry, and we must always be vigilant. The message of the Autry Museum of Western heritage is that the West was a diverse and fascinating place, and very different from what you’ve seen in the movies. So, the first thing you’ve got to do is decide what the lesson of your museum is. That is to say, you have to decide on the most important thing that you think people should know about California, its history, its culture, etc. You should spend your first paragraph introducing that lesson, and explaining why you chose it.
Then you need to pick the four things that you will use help you to express that theme. And what you really want is four things that are complementary, but aren’t TOO similar. In other words, you want them all to connect to the theme, but you also want each to add a distinct dimension to the theme. For example, you could pick things that represent four different time periods, or four different cultures, or four different regions, or four different… well, there are lots of possibilities. Note that you may be very liberal in your choice of things to include; there are plenty of museums that show movies on TV screens, and that build big galleries to hold huge objects like airplanes, and that have recordings and headphones that visitors can listen to. And notice that I use the phrase “things” rather than “objects” because some of the things you might incorporate into a museum are not really objects.
Abstract: The 1950s in America are often romanticized as a
period of prosperity, stability, and conformity. However, beneath the idea of
domestic tranquility were complex social dynamics, predominantly regarding
gender roles and expectations. This research paper looks into the particulars
of 1950s American society, examining the creation of gender norms, the
challenges faced by marginalized groups (specifically LGBTQ+), and the lasting
impact of these social expectations on current issues of gender equality and
identity.
Research Questions:
1.
How were gender roles created and reinforced in
1950s American society, particularly within the mass media representations and
popular culture?
2.
What social expectations were placed on men and
women in the 1950s, and how did these expectations tie with race, class, and
sexuality in individual experiences?
3.
How did marginalized groups, such as women of
color, LGBTQ+ individuals, and working-class women, overcome dominant gender
norms?
4.
What similarities can be drawn between the
gender norms of the 1950s and present-day debates regarding gender equality,
women’s rights, and LGBTQ+ rights in the 21st century?
Significance:
By exploring the connections of gender with race, class, and
sexuality, this paper aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of how
gender norms were built and challenged during the postwar period. Ultimately,
this research may contribute to current discussions surrounding gender equality
and human rights in modern society.
OUTLINE:
1. Research Topic: This research paper looks into the
particulars of 1950s American society, examining the creation of gender norms,
the challenges faced by marginalized groups (specifically LGBTQ+), and the
lasting impact of these social expectations on current issues of gender
equality and identity.
2. Thesis statement: The creation of gender norms and their
influence through mass media created enduring tensions among men, women, and
LGBTQ+ individuals that can still be witnessed today.
3. Outline
I. Introduction: Introduce the topic and thesis statement
II. Creation of Gender Norms
a.
What were they
b.
How they impacted both men and women
III. Gender Norms & Women
a.
Mass media influence
b.
Female resistance
IV. Gender Norms & LGBTQ+
a.
Resistance against gender norms in the 50s
b.
How they navigated societal expectations
V. Conclusion
a. Gender
identity and social expectations today
SOURCES:
Strub, Whitney. “Gender, Sexuality, and Social Change
in American Culture.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History,
October 2019.
Barbas, Samantha. “Queer Identities in 1950s Film: The
Intersection of Race, Class, and Sexuality.” Cinema Journal, vol. 59, no.
1, Fall 2019, pp. 123-148.
Stage, Sarah L. “Race, Gender, and Class in the 1950s:
An Intersectional Analysis.” The Journal of American Culture, vol. 43, no.
3, Sep. 2020, pp. 317-334.
Rottenberg, Catherine. “Revisiting 1950s Femininity:
Gender Norms and Female Resistance.” Feminist Studies, vol. 46, no. 3,
Fall 2020, pp. 594-619.
Jackson, Emily. “The Legacy of 1950s Gender Norms:
Implications for Contemporary Gender Equality Movements.” Gender &
Society, vol. 35, no. 1, Feb. 2021, pp. 37-55.
Bowman, James. “Challenging the Myth of 1950s Gender
Conformity: Exploring Nonconforming Gender Identities in Postwar America.”
American Quarterly, vol. 73, no. 2, Jun. 2021, pp. 295-320.
Howard, John. “Domesticity and Desire: Gay Men and
Middle-Class Family Life in Postwar America.” Journal of Social History,
vol. 33, no. 2, Winter 1999, pp. 351-372.
Pick one of the three options provided and write a 3 page paper. No sources needed he only wants us to use our textbook knowledge. No high vocabulary.
Rewrite the essays provided in the document linked below, write in the same format and reference the movies and information that I have referenced. Just write the whole essay in different words, with the same meaning and purpose just a different way so I can use it again for the same class. There are 2 questions/prompts in the document that the essays answer, so this is two short essays in one document.
Instructions – READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY
Write essays on three (3) of the following four (4) questions. Each essay should be about
750 words (roughly 3 typed, double-spaced pages). Combine all three essays into one file
and submit on Blackboard.
You need to have your own thesis as well as supporting evidence for your thesis. And
present your ideas in a clear, well-organized essay.
In writing your essays, be sure to refer to specific PRIMARY SOURCE documents
whenever possible. Your essays will be graded on your ability to explain clearly by
synthesizing your understanding of what you have read in the textbook with the
primary source documents we read each week. In order to get a good grade on this
exam, you must refer to and discuss the documents. I do not want a simple summary
of the textbook.
Do not plagiarize!!! This means: do not buy, steal or borrow someone else’s words. If
you use another writer’s words, put them in quotation marks and cite them properly
(make sure I know where you got them). You should feel free to quote from the
textbook or other sources, but make sure to give credit where it is due. If you have any
questions about plagiarism, check your student handbook or contact me directly.
Remember: using another’s words without proper citation – even if you didn’t mean
to!!! – is plagiarism and will result in – at least – a failing grade on the exam, possibly
even for the course.
It is your responsibility to demonstrate to me that you have done the work in writing
your essays. SAVE all notes, citations, drafts, library call-slips, book orders, downloads,
weblinks, etc. to show the work you have put into writing the papers. If you simply
purchase a paper called something like “The Columbian Exchange” or copy from a
website, you will fail the course and be reported to the Dean of Students.
You may use any sources you like, including my comments and your classmates’ words
from our discussion board. Again: just give credit when you use someone else’s words.
The Questions – CHOOSE THREE (3):
Use these questions as starting points for essays of your own construction, with your
own thesis.
1. One of the current controversies in our nation concerns how we memorialize our
past. How should we remember Columbus and the history of the arrival of Europeans in
the Western Hemisphere? What should we do about statues and holidays? Write an
essay making an argument for a historical memorial to this period. Be sure to discuss
specific people, events, and readings.
2. Why did the English colonize the New World after 1600? What was going on in
England in the late 16th- and early 17th centuries? What social and economic changes
were occurring which fostered colonization? What religious and political issues were at
stake?
3. Discuss the experiences of the English in the New World in the 17th century.
Compare the lifestyles of the American Indians, the Chesapeake colonists and the New
England settlers in the seventeenth century. Discuss also the relations between
European settlers and Native Americans in North America using specific examples. How
did things change by the middle of the 18th century?
4. Discuss the labor situation in the New World from the beginning of English settlement
to the middle of the eighteenth century. What problems did investors and settlers
(both voluntary and coerced) face, and how did they solve them? Why did African-
American slavery emerge as the dominant form of labor in the colonial south?
For all the questions you must use PRIMARY SOURCES as evidence!
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/1492/1492_menu.cfm
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraID=1&smtID=2
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraID=2&smtID=2
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1520cortes.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/aztecs1.html
https://www.historytoday.com/kate-wiles/map-tenochtitlan-1524
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraID=2&smtID=2
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=11&psid=3789
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=11&psid=3790
This assignment will require you
to navigate various websites for your state elected officials and
answer questions about available information. This assignment aims to
give you foundational background information about your communities and
the elected officials representing them and guide your research into how
state institutions impact your chosen research topic.
Assignment Instructions
The focus should be on YOUR CHOSEN TOPIC. (Topic: Police Reform and Community relations)
Section 1 of this assignment is about the function and leaders of
state government in general and serves as a foundation of information
about what this level of government is capable of.
Section 2 of this assignment is specific to your chosen topic and
should be completed thoroughly and connected back to your main policy
area chosen during your topic selection assignment.
Consider the structure and responsibilities of each institution and
its ability to address your chosen policy topic. Consider the history of
action taken by each legislative body, state executive agency,
community awareness and impact, and non-governmental stakeholders
interested in your chosen issue. Be mindful of the following:
Make sure you are utilizing credible sources for information!
Sources include government websites, periodicals, academic papers/research, class materials, videos, and readings.
If you are ever unsure of the credibility of a source, run it by me!
Keep track of your sources!
At the end of this assignment, you’ll assemble a Works Cited page for each source you used/found while researching.
This will be incredibly helpful to refer back to later or incorporate into your final paper.
Be detailed and thorough!
It is to your benefit to gather as much information as possible at this stage.
The more research you do here, the better off you’ll be when it comes time to organize and write your final paper.
Submissions lacking detail, missing important pieces of information, or not thoroughly answering each question will lose points.
Submission & Formatting Instructions
Using a Word or PDF document (Not a Google Doc, Text Document, or
Pages file), upload your assignment using the TurnItIn.com tool and make
sure it adheres to the following:
Submissions must include ALL SECTIONS of the assignment.
Submissions must be formatted to mirror the formatting of the instructions.
For example, this assignment starts with California State Assembly
and ends with the Superintendent of Public Instruction; your submission
should mirror that.
Formatting Instructions
Font: Times New Roman 12pt
Spacing: Double
Margins: 1 inch
Friendly reminder, Google Docs defaults to 1.15 spacing and Ariel 11 font, so be sure to change those!
Include the question in your submission and write the answer underneath as a short answer essay OR a series of bullet point answers, whichever you prefer.
Research Focus
In a short paragraph, describe/summarize your chosen policy topic.
In what policy area is your chosen topic? What information would be
useful for an outside observer to know about your topic?
California State Senate
Section 1 – General Knowledge
Visit the California Senate website
Links to an external site. to answer the following questions:
What is the name of the Senate President pro-Tempore, and what
district do they represent? What is their political party affiliation?
What is one power OR responsibility of the Senate President pro-Tempore? Explain/define that power/responsibility.
What is the difference between a committee and a caucus? Clearly define/explain both.
Who are the most powerful members of the Senate? What are their
names, party affiliations, and districts? What makes them powerful? Be
sure to include the Senate President pro-Tempore and the Majority and
Minority leaders. Explain your answer. Be detailed and specific.
Which committee would you consider to be the most influential? Why? Explain your answer. Be detailed and specific.
Section 2 – Connection to Topic
For the following questions, answer with your specific policy topic in mind.
Which committee(s) are most applicable to your chosen topic? What
are their names, and what jurisdiction do those committees have/what do
they do? What is the chair’s name of each committee, what political
party are they, and what districts do they represent? How can these
committees influence policy related to your topic?
What laws have the State Senate passed that impact your policy
topic? Have their actions/approach to your chosen policy topic changed
over time? If so, why? Have there been any significant debates,
controversies, or accomplishments at the State Senate level related to
your chosen topic? Provide an example and describe in detail the history
of your policy topic at the State Senate level.
Which lawmakers are active/vocal about your policy topic? Identify
two lawmakers with opposing views on how to address your policy topic.
Describe their positions on your topic. Explain why they might adopt
that view, such as constituency, lobbying/special interest influences,
party affiliation, personal background/history, education, etc.
California State Assembly
Section 1 – General Knowledge
Visit the California Assembly website
Links to an external site. to answer the following questions:
What is the name of the Speaker of the Assembly, and which district
do they represent? What is their political party affiliation?
What is one power OR responsibility of the Speaker of the Assembly? Explain/define that power/responsibility.
Compare and contrast the power and influence of the Speaker of the
Assembly and the Senate President pro-Tempore. Which has more power,
respectively? Why? Explain your answer. Be detailed and specific.
Who are the most powerful members of the State Assembly? What are
their names, party affiliations, and districts? What makes them
powerful? Be sure to include the Speaker of the Assembly and the
Majority and Minority leaders. Explain your answer. Be detailed and
specific.
Which committee would you consider to be the most influential? Why? Explain your answer. Be detailed and specific.
Section 2 – Connection to Topic
For the following questions, answer with your specific policy topic in mind.
Which committee(s) are most applicable to your chosen topic? What
are their names, and what jurisdiction do those committees have/what do
they do? What is the chair’s name of each committee, what political
party are they, and what districts do they represent? How can these
committees influence policy related to your topic?
What laws have the State Assembly passed that impact your policy
topic? Have their actions/approach to your chosen policy topic changed
over time? If so, why? Have there been any significant debates,
controversies, or accomplishments at the State Assembly level related to
your chosen topic? Provide an example and describe in detail the
history of your policy topic at the State Senate level.
Which lawmakers are active/vocal about your policy topic? Identify
two lawmakers with opposing views on how to address your policy topic.
Describe their positions on your topic. Explain why they might adopt
that view, such as constituency, lobbying/special interest influences,
party affiliation, personal background/history, education, etc.
California Executive Branch
Section 1 – General Knowledge
Who is the Governor of California? What is their political party
affiliation? What is the primary role/responsibility of the governor?
Identify a power held by the governor and give an example of that power.
Be detailed and specific.
Who is the Attorney General of California? What is their political
party affiliation? What is the primary role/responsibility of the
Attorney General? Identify a power held by the Attorney General and give
an example of that power. Be detailed and specific.
Who is the Secretary of State of California? What is their political
party affiliation? What is the primary role/responsibility of the
Secretary of State? Identify a power held by the Secretary of State and
give an example of that power. Be detailed and specific.
Who is the State Treasurer of California? What is their political
party affiliation? What is the primary role/responsibility of the State
Treasurer? What is the difference between the State Treasurer and State
Controller?
Who is the State Superintendent of Public Instruction? What is the
primary role/responsibility of the Superintendent of Public Instruction?
Identify a power held by the Superintendent of Public Instruction and
give an example of that power. Be detailed and specific.
Section 2 – Connection to Topic
How has the Governor spoken about your chosen topic during their
time in office? Have they made statements regarding their position on
your chosen topic? Provide an example. Have they taken any action on
your chosen topic, such as sponsoring initiatives/programs, signing
legislation, issuing orders, etc.? Does it align with their spoken
position/goals? Why/why not? Be detailed and specific.
How has the Attorney General used their position to address your
chosen topic? Have they been part of a case, lawsuit, investigation, or
administrative action related to your chosen topic? If so, cite the
specific case, lawsuit, investigation, action, etc., and summarize it.
What impact has this had on your chosen topic? Be detailed and specific.
How does the role of the Secretary of State impact policies related
to your chosen topic? Are there currently, or have there been, ballot
initiatives proposed related to your chosen topic? If so, what were
they, and what were the outcomes (did they pass or fail)? What groups
were active in promoting or opposing those ballot initiatives? Be
detailed and specific.
Identify a department or agency within the California Executive
Branch that directly impacts or influences your chosen policy topic
area. What is that branch of government? What actions have they taken
related to your chosen topic? Have they implemented any task force,
commission, initiative, regulation, or oversight related to your chosen
topic? Have their actions changed over time?
Final Thoughts & Considerations
Have other states taken action on your policy topic that differs
from California? What factors contribute to those differences? Is there
an opportunity for cooperation/coordination among different states? Are
there obstacles to consider with cooperation/coordination? Consider
federalism, distribution of cost/benefits, responsibility, partisanship,
public investment, differences in diversity among states, etc. Provide
examples. Be detailed and specific.
Have non-governmental actors such as unions, think tanks, research
groups, private businesses, lobbying groups, special interest groups,
etc., influenced policymaking on your chosen topic at the state level?
Have there been any partnerships between non-governmental actors and the
government on your chosen topic? Some examples include private groups
and their relationship with executive agencies such as the California
Department of Corrections and Private Prisons, the California Department
of Education and Charter Schools, or unions and lobbying executive
agencies. What impact has this relationship had on your chosen topic?
Provide examples. Be detailed and specific.
How does the government provide financing to your chosen policy
topic? Do they provide grants such as research or development? Do they
provide tax incentives/breaks? Do they collect tax revenue specific to
your topic? Do they contract out the management? Do they allocate a
portion of their budget? How does the financial consideration of your
topic influence policy? Be detailed and specific.
How does each institution’s approach to addressing your topic
differ? What contributes to that difference? Consider differences in the
role of the legislature and the executive, power, structure, community,
stakeholders, and the entirety of your research when answering this
question.
Which institution is more likely to act on your chosen topic?
Consider legislative and executive differences and differences in
representation, constituency, partisan control, etc. Is this an issue
more likely to be addressed by the delegate style of the Assembly or the
trustee style of the Senate? Is this an issue more likely to be
addressed by an executive agency or a representative? Why?
How does your chosen topic directly impact the local communities at
each level? Is the significance of the impact different across parts of
California? Does it differ among communities and groups? Does it impact
some more than others (districts, communities, groups, occupations,
income brackets, etc.)? Are some groups/communities/stakeholders more
involved than others? Why?
What action do you think should be taken on this issue at the state
level? Are things being done on this issue at the state level that you
support? Any that you oppose? Are there any groups that are active on
this issue that you support? Any that you oppose? What new policy, law,
reform, idea, etc., would you recommend at the state AND federal level?
Why? What existing new policy, law, reform, idea, etc., would you
oppose? Why? Be detailed and specific.
What other information might be relevant to your chosen policy topic
that the assignment did not address? What information did you learn but
didn’t have space for in the answers above? Did you find interesting
information you’d like to keep track of but didn’t find a place to put
it? What questions do you wish I asked/included in this guided
questionnaire? What questions did you come up with that you might want
to explore further? Use this as an opportunity to jot down notes, ideas,
or your thought process at this part of your research.
What class resources (textbook chapters/terms/concepts, videos, readings, lessons, notes) apply to your research?
Works Cited
Create a works cited page using the sources of information used to
answer the above questions. For sources you did not use but would like
to keep track of, make a note of it in a separate section.
This is the second of two assignments that ask students to not only convey their understanding of a particular political episode in American history, but also transmit the central arguments of a scholarly article. One of the central objectives of the course curriculum is to ensure that students are able to comprehend academic research—essentially understand information that is professionally researched, peer reviewed, and intended for the “academic discourse.” For this essay, students will illustrate their capacity for comprehension and then express that comprehension in a short, explanatory piece of writing.
The essay will focus on the Filene article, “An Obituary for the Progressive Movement.”
Filene’s article is found in the course module. As he explains, for decades historians have debated the significance of the Progressive Movement. When historians write books/articles they are usually in response to other historians’ books/articles. Historians either argue against each other, add to the cumulative knowledge of the “conventional wisdom” surrounding the historical topic, or on rare occasions offer breakthrough, novel interpretations. Filene reviews the different scholarly perspectives on Progressivism. Your task is to effectively transmit the contents of Filene’s article, but also indicate a clear understanding of Filene’s argument and speak to the pieces of historical evidence that Filene raises to prove his argument.
Here are some ideas/questions that should help you complete the assignment:
Identify the author, title, and year of publication. Remember the Filene article is your focus.
Situate the topic in its historical context, based on what you know from the textbook and other sources in this class. Take some time to illustrate your understanding of progressivism.
Identify and summarize the author’s thesis in YOUR OWN WORDS. Demonstrate your ability to read and comprehend a published article and effectively summarizing the main idea(s) of the author in a concise summary. This is the main point of the assignment. State and explain the author’s supporting ideas and evidence. Explain the underlying meaning or goal of the article, not simply the superficial details.
To be sure, your paper should address the following items:
There are a few tasks associated with the assignment.
Illustrate an understanding of Progressivism in American political history.
Transmit Filene’s argument.
In the final section of the paper, use your understanding of the topic to identify one Progressive measure that you would have supported (explain why) and one Progressive measure that you would have opposed (explain why). Progressive reforms are identified in the Filene article or Chapter 20 in the American Yawp. They are more explicitly identified in the “Progressive Party Platform” noted below.
The entire paper should be about 3-4 pages.
Resources:
These resources can be incorporated into your essay to meet the reference/source requirement for the assignment.
Secondary Sources:
-The American Yawp offers a section on Progressivism in Chapter 20. This should help with context. The entire chapter is dedicated to American Progressivism so there is not really a need to consult outside secondary sources.
-As a primer to Filene, read Brinkley’s review of Hofstatder’s Age of Reform. This will help you better understand the broader literature surrounding turn-of-the-century reform movements. Brinkley’s review is posted to the course module. You must incorporate Brinkley’s review into your discussion of Filene’s article.
Primary Sources:
The American Yawp, Chapter 20 has 9 primary source documents at the end of the Chapter that relate to Progressivism. https://www.americanyawp.com/text/wp-content/uploads/yawp_v2_open_pdf.pdf
“A Sociologist Studies Working-Class Saloons in Chicago,” 1900, Johnson, Reading the American Past, Document 21-3.
“Marie Jenney Howe Parodies the Opposition to Women’s Suffrage,” Johnson, Reading the American Past, Document 21-4.
“The Progressive Party Platform,” (1912) https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/progressive-party-platform-1912Links to an external site.
Writing Standards
The essay will be 3-4 pages long. Make sure you fulfill items 1-3 above.
Standard margins.
12 point times new roman font.
In-text parenthetical citations. For example: (Johnson, 25).
The essay needs to reference/cite the Filene and Brinkley articles. The essay also needs to reference at least two of the sources from the module 2. So, the essay must reference four sources.
All essays need to be submitted to turn-it-in, through canvas. I will not grade the essay if it’s not submitted to turn-it-in.
Proofread the essay. If I can’t understand the writing, the grade will be penalized.
The rubric is posted on the course portal.
Every essay needs a formal works cited page. Remember to cite each individual source. MLA format for works cited page.
There is no need to consult outside sources. All of the information needed to complete this essay is found in the module. If you do consult outside sources, understand that “progressivism” gets some people very excited and many have drawn connections to more contemporary American politics. In other words, some of the writing on “progressivism” is politically charged. This assignment does not deal with “twenty-first-century Progressivism.”