This is a negotiation assignment. We have to complete all the boxes in the first file according to my mandate that is spain.
Category: Political science : Political Science
I have uploaded The instructions and the research paper is 12 pages and the topic is on the uploaded paper of the annotated bibliography. You have to use references from the annotated bibliography uploaded. And please please no ai and plagiarism it’s the final paper of my essay and I have gotten in trouble with Ai before and this will be my last straw if you use want ai or plagiarism no matter how you pharphrase it. please and the deadline got extended for me it has to be submitted to today at 11:00pm. Thank you so much! Best of luck!
Understanding history can help us better understand contemporary international events. Yet a perfect comparison can sometimes lead us astray. Choose a contemporary international event and connect it to a historical (it could be a recent historical) event. Discuss (1) how the historical event could help us better understand the contemporary event, as well as (2) why doing so might lead to problems in understanding and dealing with the new event
In the twenty-first century, civil conflicts and war have been a major part of politics in the global system. The effects of these conflicts are widespread. What do you think are the most important effects of civil conflicts on international organizations today? What is the role of the United Nations in responding to these situations? Why? Make sure to cite specific examples to back up your argument
Please do not be afraid to criticize the United Nations when necessary
Your response to the final exam question should range between 6-8 pages. Your citation
practice should follow the midterm exam of parenthetical references (and no bibliography
required). Your introduction should contain a clear thesis statement, draw directly upon the
works to illustrate and emphasize your own interpretation, and contain a conclusion. Please
proof-read your essay carefully and seek help from the writing center where appropriate. Your
final essays are due
Kwame Nkurmah’s text, Neocolonialism, argued that political independence for newly
independent nation-states was not sufficient in securing sovereignty. He named this condition
as “neo-colonialism”. Elaborate and discuss this argument in relation to his own work and the
readings on the New International Economic order and Chile, as discussed in class (Ogle,
Grandin).
Directions
Your final exam will consist of one essay question and will cover the material we have studied thus far. This is an open-note (but closed colleague) exam, and all work must be your own. You are required to integrate course materials in your essay. You are also encouraged to draw on credible outside sources to supplement your answers, though these are not required for successful completion of the exam.
Your answer must state your thesis and be supported with relevant information (including specific examples, material from assigned course readings, material from other online course resources, and credible outside sources that you have identified on your own). The following essay prompts, one of which you must complete, will enable you to reflect on your work in the course to date and demonstrate your understanding of the theoretical concepts and past and present realities in topics in comparative politics. Be sure your essay includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. Your conclusions should follow logically from the information you have presented in your essays. Any quotations, specific information, and ideas drawn from outside sources (including course materials) must be cited and referenced in APA format or some other standard citation format. Your essay should be between 1,500-2,000 words in length, not including references. Essays should be double-spaced, with 1-inch margins, and in a standard 12-point font (such as Times New Roman, Calibri, Garamond, etc.).
Your essay will be evaluated based on evidence of critical thinking and analysis, integration of course concepts, evidence of mastery of course concepts, accuracy of the information provided, essay organization, and quality of writing (including proper citation of sources).
****** Per the course academic honesty policy, any plagiarized or AI-generated essays will result in an ‘F’***********
Compare two social movements or revolutions. Describe your selected cases and discuss whether you believe they succeeded or failed. Then assess the “why” behind observed outcomes in each case in accordance with the concepts and frameworks given in the assigned materials. In your response, comment on the role of violence or nonviolence in your selected cases. Are there conditions under which violent versus nonviolent tactics are most likely to achieve a movement’s goals? Present your ideas and argument in an essay of between 1,500 and 2,000 words. Cite course readings and outside sources as appropriate.
What is a policy area in which the United States should pursue greater equality? In what ways have public policies hindered equality in this area? In what ways have or could public policies improve equality in this area? What specific policy or policies could be pursued to achieve this form of equality?
the paper should be 5-7 pages, double-spaced, in a normal font. In your answer, please be sure to cite at least three of the readings provided. Please use specific evidence and citations. You may also cite additional materials, but it is not required.
Requirements: Six (6) pages. Title Page—not part of the page requirement—must include name, class, and title of your paper; Times New Roman, 12-
point font with 1inch margins; and page numbers.
YOU WILL LOSE POINTS FOR NO TITLE PAGE, BIBLIOGRAPHY/CITATION PAGE, OR PAGE NUMBERS.
In your answer, make sure to include a thesis statement (TS) and roadmap (RM)—you will lose
points for not having your TS and RM in your FIRST paragraph.
Your paper must clearly have an argument. It must also include a beginning (thesis statement and roadmap), middle (evidence and summary of scholars/case e.t.c. and your argument), and an end (conclusion).
What does Neustadt argue is the key source and method of exercising Presidential power? Why? What advantages does the president possess over Congress? Do you still believe Neustadt to be true today? Why? Why might bargaining be easier/harder today?
Instructions for Policy Analysis Memo
1. Choose a local issue that was, could be, or will be decided by local governmental
authorities.
2. Address the memo to the relevant authorities (for example – the city manager, a
particular council member that lives in the district/ward dealing with the issue, the mayor,
etc.)
3. In the first paragraph, briefly introduce the issue – provide a summary of the issue and its
relevance.
4. Then in the next section, discuss the disadvantages/costs of the proposal.
5. In the following section, discuss the advantages/benefits of the proposal.
6. You can switch the order of the sections on the advantages and disadvantages if you think
the memo flows better that way.
7. After analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the issue, make a recommendation
and provide your justification (why the benefits outweigh the costs or vice versa).
8. The memo should be 4 pages double-spaced (font: Times New Roman and 1-inch
margins).
9. Please see the examples I provided for structure of memo.
a. Note that one of the memos I posted was done in 2006 and is on a national tax
issue. I was also expected to complete the exercise in 24 hours as part of the
completion requirement for my Master of Public Administration degree. On the
other hand, you have several weeks to complete it, and you must write about a
local/county issue.
b. The other example is what I considered to be an excellent policy memo done by a
former student on a local issue in Arlington, TX.
10. Cite at least 3 sources (newspaper and magazine articles, journal articles, official
government websites, books, etc.)
11. I’ve also posted to Canvas a pdf document on the level of bias for several news sources.
Please avoid using those that that very biased or of questionable journalistic value.
Book
Mikesell John (2019). Fiscal Administration: Analysis and Applications for the Public Sector, Cengage. 10th edition. ISBN-13: 9781305953680
You can use Eighth edition or Ninth or Tenth edition of this book.
In an operational sense, a student contributes to a positive learning environment by:
Being an active participant, but not a dominating participant.
Being a good listener and demonstrating respect for others’ opinions.
Making thoughtful, insightful comments.
Building on others’ comments.
Asking questions, not just giving answers.
Identifying key assumptions underlying discussion points and arguments.
Judiciously playing the role of the “devil’s advocate”.
Being constructive and positive in one’s comments.
It is strongly recommended that students identify key discussion points associated with each discussion. These discussion points can take any of several forms including, for example, observation from real situation or from article or report, or your personal thoughts and observations that build on.
Your discussion grade is evaluated on its content, which is a demonstration of course knowledge and analytical abilities. I consider your posts on the average over the course of the module week so you want each post to be substantive. You will want to strive for thoughtful and thorough posts every week that engage with other classmates, demonstrate understanding of concepts, support points with effective reasoning, build upon knowledge from previous weeks, and reference assigned readings. Answer these questions
Every state and Washington, DC, have different “sin” taxes, for example selective sales taxes on alcohol and tobacco
https://usafacts.org/articles/sin-taxes-by-state-where-do-people-pay-the-most-and-least-in-alcohol-and-tobacco-taxes/
Why do federal and state governments tax “sins” (cigarette, marjuana, etc. )?Is it because sins are inherently bad and lawmakers feel the need to protect us from them?Is it because lawmakers know people will always sin, and therefore sin taxes are a surefire source of revenue? Do sin taxes protect us from ourselves, or exploit our weaknesses, or both? What do you think, would local governments and state governments use more sin taxes or less?
Respond to this post
The sin tax is an established tactic for government to raise additional revenue whilst not offending the voting public. Sin taxes, also known as sumptuary or vice taxes, are excise taxes specifically levied on certain goods deemed harmful to society and individuals. These taxes are imposed on items such as alcohol, tobacco, drugs, candies, soft drinks, fast foods, coffee, sugar, gambling, and pornography. All the “bad stuff” people consume. The authors noted “The best examples are taxes on tobacco products and alcoholic beverages: the prices paid to producers do not reflect the social cost of product use and abuse in terms of damage to health, property, and families.” (Mikesell.2017, p. 473).
For example, higher cigarette taxes might deter smoking, leading to better public health outcomes by reducing smoking-related illnesses. However, a smoker will travel out of their way to find an establishment to buy cigarettes with the least taxes. A person who resides in Chicago, Illinois, a smoker, will travel a short distance to Hammond, Indiana to buy a carton of cigarettes to save on taxes. (See Ex. A 2023 Cigarette Tax Difference.) Adversely, it is observed that sin taxes exploit our weaknesses. These taxes target addictive substances or behaviors, knowing that people may continue to consume them despite the higher prices.
Ex. A
States
2023 Cigarette Taxes
Illinois
Cigarette tax is 1.98 per pack containing 20 cigarettes, 36% of wholesale prices for tobacco products besides cigarettes.
Chicago has an additional $1.18/pack tax on cigarettes, plus $3.00 for Cook County, making it one of the most expensive cities to buy a pack in the United States.
Indiana
Cigarettes is based upon the size and weight of the cigarettes and varies from 99.5 cents per pack of 20 cigarettes to $1.32 per pack of cigarettes, cigarette papers are taxed at 0.5 cents for 50 or less papers, 1 cent for 100 papers, and 0.5 cents per every 50 papers over 100 papers, a 1 cent per 50 tubes tax and a 24% of wholesale tax on tobacco products.
Per the Cato Institute in 2022, cigarettes account for eight percent of households are responsible for virtually all purchases nationwide. A relatively small set of households purchase large shares of multiple sin goods, sin tax burdens are highly concentrated. As a result, sin taxes may dispositional affect low-income citizens. When a higher percentage of someone’s income goes toward sin taxes, it can highlight economic disparities. For example, cigarette taxes hit low-income smokers harder than wealthier ones.
I believe state and local government use less of these taxes as they are not predictable or reliable to balance a budget. While sin taxes generate short-term revenue, they may lead to increased expenditures. The legislatures need to be mindful when taxing these “sin” items and their long-term effects. Budget shortfalls can arise if reliance on sin taxes becomes unsustainable. These forms of revenue raising do not amount to a large part of government finance. The government’s long history of sin taxes has not discouraged excessive consumption deemed unhealthy or safe for the public. Taxes collected by these agencies have little result of rehabilitation, curbing behavior or improving health. Lastly, sin taxes are not paid fairly by every household thus tax collection is concentrated to a selected few. This creates a huge disparity and less access to resources to help with their addictions. If folks can afford to sin, they will no matter what the government says.
References
Mikesell, J. L. (2018). Fiscal administration: Analysis and applications for the public
sector. Tenth edition. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. (pg.473).
Retrieved from: www.salestaxhandbook.com.
Retrieved from: www.corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/accounting/sin-tax.
Retrieved from: www.cato.org/research-briefs-economic-policy/who-pays-sin-taxes-understanding-overlapping-burdens-corrective