In this case study, we look at the clinical implications of what happens to a client when one of a cell’s “tiny organ” organelles fails to function properly. In particular, we will use a lysosomal storage disease to demonstrate this.
Category: Anatomy
Can the Bacteria in Your Gut Talk to Your Brain?
PART A:
There is current research underway that explores the relationship between the bacteria that live in our gastrointestinal tract (our “gut” bacterial), and our brains. Click on the link below to listen to an interview from NPR Science Friday. After listening to the interview and reading the posted articles, and using other resources you may find, discuss your thoughts about the connection between the gut microbiome and the brain by answering the following:
Does the relationship between the gut and the brain make sense to you? Why or why not?
Name TWO facts you learned that you did not know before listening to the podcast and reading the articles. What question(s) do you have after listening to the podcast and/or reading the articles that were not answered?
Science Friday interview:
Can the Bacteria in your Gut Send Messages to your Brain? (https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/can-the-bacteria-in-your-gut-send-messages-to-your-brain/)
Articles:
Our Microbiome May be Looking Out for Itself (http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/14/science/our-microbiome-may-be-looking-out-for-itself.html?_r=0)
Gut Feelings: The Future of Psychiatry May be Inside Your Stomach (http://www.theverge.com/2013/8/21/4595712/gut-feelings-the-future-of-psychiatry-may-be-inside-your-stomach)
PART A Deadline: Friday, 05/17, 11:59PM
Your paper should include the underlined items below as section headings.
APA 7th edition Title page:
This is a separate page by itself, with the following information centered in the middle of the page: course title, paper title, student’s name, instructor’s name, and date.
Description of Pathology:
Start the paper on a new page.
In this section, you will describe the pathology (statistics about it, background information, etc.). Give as much information as you can about it but be sure it is relevant information and not just filler. It should be a comprehensive introductory section of the condition in one to two paragraphs.
Normal anatomy of the major body system affected: In this section, you will describe what is considered normal anatomy for your particular pathophysiology. For example, if you are discussing a disease related to the brain, explain what is normal for the brain from an anatomical standpoint. You should show comprehensive knowledge of the fundamental concepts and communicate information using scientific vocabulary. There should be little to no discussion of the condition itself in this section.
Normal physiology of the major body system affected: In this section, you will be discussing physiology. Keep in mind that when describing physiology, it isn’t enough to merely provide a list of functions of the body system (Ex: Neurons send signals throughout the body), instead, you need to be able to describe how it does it. The how is the physiology. There should be little to no discussion of the condition itself in this section
Mechanism of Pathophysiology: This section is likely going to be the most in-depth and longest section. In this section, you will explain your particular pathophysiology from a scientific standpoint. In the previous two sections, you explained what is considered normal, in this section, you should describe what the pathophysiology is doing that is causing these issues, how the normal anatomy & physiology is affected/different in a person with your condition. You should show a thorough understanding of the anatomical and physiological changes contributing to the disease. Some good keywords to search for when doing your research might be “Pathology of __________”, Pathophysiology of __________.”
Prevention: In this section, you will explain how your pathophysiology could be prevented. This should outline possible prevention protocols, or clearly indicate if none is available based on the current scientific literature.
Treatment: In this section, you will explain how your pathophysiology is commonly treated. Provide possible treatment protocols for the condition based on current scientific literature. Be sure to bring in nursing relevant information and how you might be involved in the treatment of the condition.
Conclusion: Finally you should summarize your findings. All good research papers should include a conclusion where you wrap up and summarize all of the important points made in your paper.
References:
As with the Title page, this should be a separate page by itself.
All references should be included in correct and complete APA format.
All references must be cited appropriately in the paper using APA-style in-text citations.
A minimum of three reputable sources are required for this assignment.
Requirements for Length & Submission
The length requirement for this paper is between 4-6 full pages of content, double-spaced – this does not include the Title page and the Reference page (both on separate pages) that do not contribute to page count. Use of images/tables/diagrams will not count for total page number either.
Students will be assigned individual topics related to physiology and pathological conditions of physiological systems by their instructor. You must write your paper based on your assigned topic.
Your paper must be submitted as a PDF (.pdf) or Word document (.doc or .docx). These are the only file types that will be accepted.
Assignment Checklist
Checkbox Sections & Criteria
Title page
Description of Pathology
The body of the paper should include the following sections:
Normal Anatomy of the body system
Normal Physiology of the body system
Mechanism of Pathology
Prevention
Treatment
Conclusion
Reference page
Between 4-6 full pages of content, double-spaced – Title page and the Reference page (both on separate pages) do NOT contribute to page count. Use of images/tables/diagrams will not count for total page number either.
Be sure to include in-text citations where appropriate. You should have a minimum of one in-text for every final reference you have listed.
A minimum of three reputable sources are required for this assignment.
All sources need to be cited properly in APA format – in-text citations and references
Times New Roman, 12 pt. font
The pathophysiology of Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass that occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages (Betts et al.,2022). This causes the bones to become brittle to the point where even something as simple as bending over can cause the bones to break. This disease is often called a “silent” disease because symptoms usually go unnoticed until you break a bone. A break or fracture can happen in any bone, but it is most common in the bones of femoral head, vertebrae, and wrists. Osteoporosis is more common in women and/or anyone with a family history of the disease. It affects almost 20% (1 in 5) of women aged 50 and over and almost 5% (1 in 20) of men aged 50 and over (CDC, para 3).
This disease affects the bones of the skeletal system. Bone is a dynamic tissue constantly undergoing. These changes occur when old or damaged bone tissue is removed, and new bone tissue is formed. The pathophysiology of osteoporosis involves a disruption in the balance between bone formation and bone resorption, resulting in a loss of bone mass and deterioration. Bone resorption occurs when osteoclasts remove bone by dissolving minerals and breaking down the matrix (Rockville, 2004). This causes an imbalance favoring bone resorption over formation.
Normal Anatomy of the Skeletal System
The bones of the skeletal system provide structural support for the rest of the body, permit movement and locomotion by providing levers for the muscles, protect vital internal organs and structures, provide maintenance of mineral homeostasis and acid-base balance, serve as a reservoir of growth factors and cytokines, and provide the environment for hematopoiesis within the marrow spaces (Clarke B. (2008). There are 206 bones in an adult body.
They are classified into five primary types: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones (Betts et al.,2022). Each type of bone has unique characteristics and functions. Bone is made of protein, collagen, and minerals, especially calcium. Collagen provides a framework for incorporating minerals, mainly calcium phosphate into the collagen framework. The mineral makes bone hard and strong, while the collagen offers flexibility so the bone can resist breaking (Branch, 2023).
Mechanism of Pathophysiology in Osteoporosis
The pathophysiology of osteoporosis involves multiple factors, including hormonal changes, genetics, age, and poor diet. As our bodies age, we begin to slow down on the production of the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone. A decrease in estrogen levels in women at menopause is one of the most vital risk factors for developing osteoporosis; because of this, women are more at risk for developing this disease. Between the age of 45-50, women will enter menopause. Menopause occurs when the menstrual period ceases, thus slowing down the production of estrogen. Estrogen is a steroid hormone associated with the female reproductive organs and is responsible for developing female sexual characteristics (Delgado, 2003). Estrogen also plays a crucial role in bone metabolism, particularly in maintaining bone density and strength. It promotes osteoblastic activity and the production of bone matrix; osteoblasts are the cells responsible for forming new bones. (Betts et al.,2022).
Genetics is another factor that contributes to the development of osteoporosis. It can affect anyone, but it is most common in women. According to the National Library of medicine, people who are slim and thin boned
Betts,
J. G., Young, K., Wise, J., Johnson, E., Poe, B., Kruse, D., … Desaix, P.
(2022). Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax. ISBN-13: 978-1-711494-06-7https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2eReferences
Branch, N.
S. C. and O. (2023, May 5). What is bone? National Institute of Arthritis and
Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/what-bone
CDC Center
for Disease Control and Prevention; U.S. Department of Health & Human
Services. Does Osteoporosis Run in Your Family? (2022, May 20). [Government]. https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/osteoporosis.htm#:~:text=Osteoporosis%20is%20more%20common%20in,until%20they%20break%20a%20bone.
Clarke B. (2008).
Normal bone anatomy and physiology. Clinical journal of the American Society of
Nephrology : CJASN, 3 Suppl 3(Suppl 3), S131–S139.
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04151206 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152283/#:~:text=The%20bones%20of%20the%20skeleton,growth%20factors%20and%20cytokines%2C%20and
Delgado BJ, Lopez-Ojeda W. Estrogen. [Updated 2023 Jun 26].
In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024
Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538260/
Manolagas,
S. C. MD, PhD Professor of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
(2024, April). Pathogenesis of osteoporosis [Medical].
Https://Www.Uptodate.Com/Contents/Pathogenesis-of-osteoporosis#H15652863; Up to
date.com. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-osteoporosis#H15652863
Rockville .(2004). Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of
the Surgeon General. Rockville (MD): Office of the Surgeon General (US); 2004.
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45513/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45513/
Using the material on moral compasses from weeks 1 and 2, write a paper of no less than 500 words that accomplishes the following:
Choose one of the four templates, Markkula- APA or MLA, or Brown – APA or MLA and follow directions. The information below offers an elaboration on these directions.
In a section titled “Theories” identify the 1-3 moral theories you will use to build your compass (deontological, utilitarian, common good, virtue, etc.) along with a short documented definition for each theory. [“documented” in the sense of citing and referencing your source.]
In a section titled “Explanation” explain for each theory how it would help you make what you feel would be the right decision and in what situations (ex. Using deontology at work to ensure the company’s policies are kept and its reputation is upheld; Using care ethics at home as a way to be equitable with the kids, etc.).
In a third section titled “Compass Applied” chose one topic from the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics (under “Ethics Spotlight”) or another pressing ethical situation you or others you know are facing at the moment and use ether Framework for Ethical Decision Making (Markkula or Brown), walk through the steps to make an ethical decision and justify what you decide is the moral action to take in this situation.
Be sure to be clear on which of the two frameworks you are using. Be sure you are clear on what you are doing. See the attached templates for the best way to address this assignment. The content is the same, just the formatting on each is different.
Note all papers must be double-spaced and follow either APA or MLA formatting.
Tissues are a group of similar cells that perform specific body functions. There are four primary tissue types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. These different tissue types work together to form organs and affect the structure and function of the organs they create as well as the organ systems and the human body as a whole. Damage to the tissue can thus affect the functioning of the individual tissue as well as the higher levels of organization. Aging of the tissues can also affect their structural integrity and functioning as well.
Instructions:
Pick a type of tissue as the focus of your discussion.
For example, connective tissue consists of bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, and others. Pick one of the types of connective tissue rather than the entire group.
Try to pick a type unique from your peers.
Discuss changes that can occur to this tissue type from damage to the tissue or aging of the tissue. Be specific with the changes that could occur and explain any mechanisms involved with damage or aging of the tissue.
Discuss the outcomes of damage or aging of this type of tissue. Does regeneration or repair of this tissue normally occur? Why or Why not? Relate your thought on this to the tissue’s characteristics.
Based on what you know of this tissue type predict if the integrity of the tissue will be maintained after the damage or aging of the tissue? Be specific and explain your position.
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
My topic for my anatomy and physiology paper is the problem of genetically modifying babies to achieve the parents standards. It can cause medical problems to the baby itself. Explain if it’s fair to have that option out in the world. What are the outcomes of modifying a baby, for example it can cause medical issues. Is modifying a babies genetics going against religion. What rights should be applied to modifying the baby. Those are some of the questions I would like answered and included in the paper. The requirements are gonna be listed in the file I attached
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Assignment Instructions
Create an 8-10 slide PPT, or some other presentation, that accomplishes the following:
Choose one of the following two topics:
Drawing on what you know of pre-Socratic and classical philosophy (i.e. the philosophy of Socrates and Plato) as well as what you know of modern philosophy (i.e. the philosophy of Descartes and Locke), compare and contrast the concerns of modern and ancient philosophy. Do the ancients care about the same problems as the moderns? If not, what are the major differences between them? Can those differences be reconciled? Why or why not? If not, then which approach to philosophical questioning is the most valuable? Why?
Consider the debate between Rationalism and Empiricism. What are the major differences between these two traditions in their approach to the theory of knowledge and metaphysics? What are the differences in their methods and attitudes to doing philosophy? Which tradition is more convincing/more useful as an approach to seeking answers to philosophical questions and to seeking meaning in life? Why?
Present research on each tradition that clearly discuss both sides of the relevant debate. Try to favor reputable sources from the APUS library or philosophy program guide (i.e. no Wikipedia, Course Hero, Spark Notes, etc.).
Include a proper references/works cited slide (APA or MLA).
Keep in mind these best practices, please:
Proper PPTs have bullets on the slide that are explained in the notes section or that include audio recordings embedded in the slides in which you narrate the presentation (see video on how to do this if you do not know how). You must provide narration for the presentation in some way—i.e. either as notes or as audio recordings.
If you intend to narrate the presentation with audio recordings, be sure to include the transcript in the notes section (see PPT on how to insert audio if you do not know and want to give that a shot).
If, for any reason you are unable to access the notes section, put the transcript/notes in a MS Word document in a numbered list with the numbers matching the slide.
Keep the viewer in mind (teacher). While you might work hard on a 20-minute presentation, few faculty members have the time to watch or listen to it.
Just like papers, clear citations must appear on the slide, i.e. where an audience viewing your presentation would naturally be able to see the citation, to justify listing a resource as a reference.
Due on Apr 28, 2024 11:55 PM
Attachments
Adding audio to your PPT.pptx (527.38 KB)
Finding the Notes Section – PPT.mp4 (4.85
Create a Table with all the structures of the Cell and their functions.
Ex
Composition Functions
1.- Cell membrane Phospholipid bylayers + Cholesterol 1.- Protection
proteins +( Glyco-calyx, glyco-proteins, etc) 2.- Transport
2.- Cytoplasma ghuivrlfrlerker[pljpdpdvkddsdkkk dfkvbdfbkmjlsgl
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During the Great Recession, like any other economic downturn, unemployment rises, aggregate income declines, and there is a major decline in tax collections. At the same time, increased unemployment causes spending on safety-net programs to rise. In response to these situations, government appears to have only two options (neither good) to stabilize the national economy: either put in place severe austerity measures (cut spending), or increase borrowing. Of course, it is very difficult to defend cuts in the federal government programs and especially programs geared to sustain a minimum standard of living for the poor, but increased borrowing has major adverse impacts on the national economy.
Write an essay analyzing
· Different theoretical views on national debt,
· Long-run costs of high national debt,
· Costs of eliminating the budget deficit solely through (1) personal tax increases, and/or (2) through spending cut by decreasing in transfer payments (i.e., Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid) and in discretionary spending (such as defense and education budgets).